The concept of computation, while a mathematical term, can also be defined as a physical process, as it requires machines for its implementation. Throughout human history, the machines needed for computation have evolved in various forms. One of the simplest forms is the abacus, a mechanical device used to perform basic calculations. As time and technology have advanced, we have designed different machines to meet our more complex computational needs. In pursuit of automating computation processes, we have developed these machines to operate more quickly and accurately. Among these machines, computers are perhaps the most well-known and popular.

Modern digital computers possess an electro-mechanical structure and are generally based on the von Neumann architecture. This architecture will be examined in greater detail in later sections; however, it is essential to briefly note that the von Neumann architecture provides a framework that defines the fundamental components of a computer, such as memory, processor, and input and output units. The operational principles of digital computers are founded on the laws of classical electromagnetism (Maxwell’s equations) and non-relativistic classical mechanics (the laws of Newton, Lagrange, and Hamilton). The significance of these laws plays a critical role in understanding how classical computer components operate and the processes involved in information processing.

In the journey of this concept of computation, which spans from simple mechanical devices to complex electronic systems, it is evident that the operational principles of machines are closely related to the laws of physics. The von Neumann architecture, which forms the basis of classical computers, is one of the most striking examples of this relationship.